气体分析仪解读
气体分析仪解读
一般地说，气体分析仪器应用本身是一门*的技术工作，而且是一种具有研究性质的工作。但是，这一点是不为行外人所认知和理解的。目前为止，国内空分行业气体分析仪器应用的技术水平与石化行业及化工化肥行业相比，仍然停留在初级阶段，难以快速提高和发展，主要原因正在于此。
气体分析仪（本文专指为微量气体分析用的仪器）是一种用来进行气体成分分析检验的工具，借助它能得到某些成分种类和含量的数据。但是，气体分析仪器不是一种简单的工具，它既不像流量计、压力表那样结构简单，也不像各种热工仪表那样易于操作使用。它是一类结构复杂、使用技术难度较大的工具，使用气体分析仪器是一项较复杂且不易掌握的专门技术。
二 气体分析仪器应用难点分析
关于气体分析仪器应用的难点，从以下几方面分析可以概略地了解一二。
2．1 气体分析是实现一系列的化工过程
一台气体分析仪或一套气体分析系统相当于一套完整的化工工艺设备，因此，气体分析仪器系统工作过程就是在实现一系列的化工过程。若想通过气体分析得到准确数据，就必须了解这一系列化工过程中各阶段的情况及变化，认真研究并掌握其中的规律，只有这样才能达到准确测定的目的。应当指出，不仅在一台气体分析仪器内部具备一套化工工艺过程的同样情况和条件，而且，有时在仪器前级的样气预处理部分（含取样系统）也同样是一套化工工艺过程。如遇到较复杂、较特殊的工艺技术条件的话，那么样气预处理系统所体现的化工过程还是非常复杂的，相当于一个小化工厂的净化处理工艺过程。由此可见，气体分析的过程就是在了解并掌握整个化工过程系统条件的前提下，严格控制各种影响测定条件的因素，从而得到工艺及管理人员所需要的准确数据。
2．2 应用过程中控制影响因素和排除干扰因素困难较大
在仪器应用的过程中，影响因素种类较多且变化较复杂，而要想有效地控制这些影响因素及排除干扰测定的因素则困难比较大。例如微量氧的测定，不但要严格控制系统材质和密封，而且系统的洁净等诸多因素也必须逐一解决好，否则，氧成分分析不会得到准确的测定结果。而对于气体中微量水含量的测定，除了考虑以上提到的各种影响因素外，还必须考虑到样气中的水在管道内的吸附平衡问题，而这一问题的妥善处理必须依靠反复试验，了解其变化情况和规律，掌握其中的操作技术，以便得到准确无误的结果。当然，使用气相色谱仪测定高纯气体中ppm—ppb级杂质成分含量要考虑和控制的影响因素就更加复杂了。
2．3 微量气体成分分析的影响因素更复杂
气体成分在管道及设备中流动时发生的微观变化是复杂的、多变的。在常量气体成分分析时可以忽略的诸多影响因素，在微量气体成分分析时不仅不能忽略，反而必须认真对待，此时，这些因素已经成为影响微量气体成分分析正确结果的主要矛盾，必须逐一排除和解决才能使微量气体分析仪器工作顺利完成。这些影响因素主要包括以下几个方面：①取样管路内气体多次的反复混合；②管壁与气体成分的物理化学作用；③管路材质；④管路连接方式；⑤管路洁净程度。
2．4 仪器和方法验证是获得准确数据的关键之一
仪器作为一种计量检测工具，在正常运行情况下，给出的数据绝大多数都是相对量值，测定数据是否准确及准确的程度（精度），仪器本身是无法提供的，也是无法证实的。必须依靠外围技术工作完成，这就是分析数据的验证工作。
（1）仪器线性关系的验证。首先，为确保仪器的正常运行，分析仪器作为计量仪器的一种，必须每年经过*按照国家制订的规程进行检测，方能许可使用。同时，每年还需要用系列标准气体检查仪器在整个线性范围内的线性关系是否保持正常的状态。否则盲目相信分析仪器（即使是进口仪器）的完好程度肯定会使错误的数据导致生产管理及质量管理上的失误。
（2）误差分析。在分析仪器的应用过程中，对于每一次测定结果的数据，必须作出误差分析，以确定数据分析的真实性、可靠性和可信程度。一个合格的分析工作者是不会也不应该随随便便地把每次分析测定的结果上报或公布的。一般是在测定结果得出后，经过误差分析，在确定分析数据的误差总和小于规定的允许误差时，才将这一个（或一组）数据视为正确测定结果上报或公布。否则，不准确的数据会给生产管理者带来严重的不良后果。
（3）定量分析常用的仪器校正。气体分析仪作为一种定量分析仪器，在做定量分析前必须使用标准气进行校正（或标定）。标准气一般是从国家*或合法工厂购买的，在特殊情况下，也可以自行配置（但要具有配置标准气的资格和能力以及相关的设备）。标准气保质期为一年，在使用标准气校正分析仪器时，还必须深入了解正常手续和使用规律。如果购买和使用不合乎要求的标准气，会导致分析数据的极大偏差。如果对标准气的使用要求不甚了解，也会因得不到准确数据结果，给空分生产带来麻烦。
2．5 分析工程师要不断改进和提高分析检测技术
一个合格的分析工程师需要不断学习和研究分析仪器的新技术及仪器分析新技术，并及时将其应用到本职工作中，以达到不断改进和提高分析检测技术的目的。一个分析工程师不但要能够尽可能搞好现有设备的应用，而且还应当在对现今使用的仪器原理、结构及性能深入了解的基础上，随时吸收国外及*分析技术，不断技术创新，进一步完善并提高现有仪器的检测水平，而不只是满足于简单操作
gas analyzer
generally speaking, the gas analysis instrument itself is a unique technology application, and it is one kind has the nature of the job. but, this is not for people who have cognitive and understand it. so far, the technology level of domestic gas analysis instrument application of air separation industry are compared with the petrochemical industry and chemical fertilizer industry, still stays in the primary stage, it is difficult to quickly improve and development, the main reason.
gas analyzer (this article specifically for trace gases analysis instrument) is a kind of used for gas composition analysis inspection tools, using it to get some component types and content of data. gas analysis instruments, however, is not a simple tool, it is neither simple structure as flowmeter, pressure gauge, also don't like all kinds of thermal instrument is easy to operate. it is a kind of complex structure, using the technology difficult tool, using the gas analysis instrument is a complex and not easy to master the specialized technology.
two gas analysis instrument application difficulty
difficulties with applications of gas analysis instrument, can be roughly know a thing or two from the following several aspects.
2.1 gas analysis is to implement a series of chemical process
a gas analyzer, or a gas analysis system is equivalent to a complete set of chemical process equipment, as a result, the working process of the gas analysis instrument system is in the implementation of a series of chemical process. if you want to get the accurate data through the analysis of the gas, you have to understand this situation in each stage of a series of chemical process and change, serious study and master the law of only in this way can achieve the purpose of accurate determination. it should be pointed out that not only within a gas analysis instrument has a set of chemical processes in the same situation and conditions, and sometimes in the sample gas pretreatment section of the level before the instrument (including sampling system) is a chemical process as well. if more complex, the special technology condition, so gas pretreatment system embodies the chemical process is very complex, the equivalent of a small chemical purification treatment process. gas analysis, therefore, is in the understanding and grasp the process of the whole system in chemical process conditions under the premise of strict control of all kinds of factors that influence the determination conditions to get the accurate data of technology and management are required.
2.2 application process control influence factors and is difficult to eliminate interference factors
in the process of instrument application, factors affecting species changes more and more complex, and to effectively control these factors and difficult to rule out the factors of interference measurement is relatively large. the determination of trace oxygen, for example, not only should strictly control system and sealing material, and the system is clean, and many other factors must also be addressing is good, otherwise, the oxygen composition analysis will not be accurate determination results. as for the determination of trace amounts of water content in the gas, in addition to consider the various factors affecting the above mentioned, the water in the sample gas must also be taken into account in the pipe of adsorption equilibrium problems, and properly handle the problem must rely on trial and error, to understand the changes and regularity, grasp the operation technology, in order to obtain accurate results. , of course, using gas chromatography determination of ppm - ppb level of impurities in high purity gas component content to consider and control factors are more sophisticated.
2.3 trace gas composition analysis of influence factors is more complex
gas composition in the microscopic changes of flow in pipeline and equipment is complicated and changeful. can ignore when constant gas composition analysis of many influence factors, not only can't be ignored when trace gas composition analysis, it must be taken seriously, at this point, these factors has become the influence of trace gas composition analysis results of the principal contradiction correctly, must resolve to make one by one, exclusion and trace gases analysis instrument work finished smoothly. these factors mainly include the following aspects: (1) the sample gas in the pipeline for many times repeatedly mixed; (2) the wall with the physical chemistry of gas composition; (3) the pipe material; (4) connection way; (5) line clean degree.
2.4 instrument and method validation is one of the keys to obtain accurate data
as a kind of measuring instruments detection tools, under normal operating conditions, the data given the vast majority are relative values, the extent of the measurement data are accurate and precise (precision), and is unable to provide the instrument itself, is also unable to confirm. must rely on the peripheral technology work, this is the analysis of the data validation work.
(1) instrument validation of linear relationship. first of all, in order to ensure the normal operation of the instrument, analytical instruments as a kind of measuring instrument, must through measuring authorities every year according to the country to develop procedures for testing, to licensing. every year at the same time, also need to use series of standard gas inspection equipment within the scope of the whole linear whether to keep the linear relationship between the normal state. otherwise blindly believe analysis instrument (even imported instrument) in good level will surely make the wrong data lead to the errors in the production management and quality management.
(2) the error analysis. in the process of analysis of the application of the instrument, data for each determination results, error analysis, must be made to determine the authenticity of the data analysis, reliability and trust. the analysis of a qualified workers is not and should not be casually to each analysis report or released the results of determination. is generally after the determination results obtained through the error analysis, in determining the analysis data of the total error is less than the specified margin of error, to this one or a set of data as a correct determination results submitted to or published. otherwise, the inaccurate data will have serious adverse consequences for production manager.
(3) the quantitative analysis of commonly used equipment calibration. gas analyzer as a kind of quantitative analysis instrument, before taking a quantitative analysis of calibration must be conducted using a standard gas (or calibration). standard gas purchased from national metrology department or legal factory, under special circumstances, can configure itself (but with standard gas of qualification and ability as well as relevant equipment). gas standard warranty is one year, when using standard calibration gas analysis instruments, also must deeply understand the normal procedure and use regularly. if the purchase and use unsuited to the requirements of the standard gas, can cause great deviation analysis data. if the use of standard gas requirements don't know much, will be not accurate data as a result, bring trouble to the production of air separation.
2.5 engineers to continuously improve and improve analysis testing technology
a qualified engineers need to keep on learning and research analysis instrument of new technology and new technology of instrument analysis, and apply it to the job in time, in order to achieve the purpose of continuous improvement and improve the analysis detection technology. an analysis engineers as much as possible not only to be able to do well the application of the existing equipment, but also should be in on today's use of the instrument principle, structure and performance, on the basis of deep understanding, ready to absorb the foreign and domestic advanced analysis techniques, technical innovation constantly, further perfect and improve the level of detection of existing instruments, not just satisfied with simple operation
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一般地说，气体分析仪器应用本身是一门*的技术工作，而且是一种具有研究性质的工作。但是，这一点是不为行外人所认知和理解的。目前为止，国内空分行业气体分析仪器应用的技术水平与石化行业及化工化肥行业相比，仍然停留在初级阶段，难以快速提高和发展，主要原因正在于此。
气体分析仪（本文专指为微量气体分析用的仪器）是一种用来进行气体成分分析检验的工具，借助它能得到某些成分种类和含量的数据。但是，气体分析仪器不是一种简单的工具，它既不像流量计、压力表那样结构简单，也不像各种热工仪表那样易于操作使用。它是一类结构复杂、使用技术难度较大的工具，使用气体分析仪器是一项较复杂且不易掌握的专门技术。
二 气体分析仪器应用难点分析
关于气体分析仪器应用的难点，从以下几方面分析可以概略地了解一二。
2．1 气体分析是实现一系列的化工过程
一台气体分析仪或一套气体分析系统相当于一套完整的化工工艺设备，因此，气体分析仪器系统工作过程就是在实现一系列的化工过程。若想通过气体分析得到准确数据，就必须了解这一系列化工过程中各阶段的情况及变化，认真研究并掌握其中的规律，只有这样才能达到准确测定的目的。应当指出，不仅在一台气体分析仪器内部具备一套化工工艺过程的同样情况和条件，而且，有时在仪器前级的样气预处理部分（含取样系统）也同样是一套化工工艺过程。如遇到较复杂、较特殊的工艺技术条件的话，那么样气预处理系统所体现的化工过程还是非常复杂的，相当于一个小化工厂的净化处理工艺过程。由此可见，气体分析的过程就是在了解并掌握整个化工过程系统条件的前提下，严格控制各种影响测定条件的因素，从而得到工艺及管理人员所需要的准确数据。
2．2 应用过程中控制影响因素和排除干扰因素困难较大
在仪器应用的过程中，影响因素种类较多且变化较复杂，而要想有效地控制这些影响因素及排除干扰测定的因素则困难比较大。例如微量氧的测定，不但要严格控制系统材质和密封，而且系统的洁净等诸多因素也必须逐一解决好，否则，氧成分分析不会得到准确的测定结果。而对于气体中微量水含量的测定，除了考虑以上提到的各种影响因素外，还必须考虑到样气中的水在管道内的吸附平衡问题，而这一问题的妥善处理必须依靠反复试验，了解其变化情况和规律，掌握其中的操作技术，以便得到准确无误的结果。当然，使用气相色谱仪测定高纯气体中ppm—ppb级杂质成分含量要考虑和控制的影响因素就更加复杂了。
2．3 微量气体成分分析的影响因素更复杂
气体成分在管道及设备中流动时发生的微观变化是复杂的、多变的。在常量气体成分分析时可以忽略的诸多影响因素，在微量气体成分分析时不仅不能忽略，反而必须认真对待，此时，这些因素已经成为影响微量气体成分分析正确结果的主要矛盾，必须逐一排除和解决才能使微量气体分析仪器工作顺利完成。这些影响因素主要包括以下几个方面：①取样管路内气体多次的反复混合；②管壁与气体成分的物理化学作用；③管路材质；④管路连接方式；⑤管路洁净程度。
2．4 仪器和方法验证是获得准确数据的关键之一
仪器作为一种计量检测工具，在正常运行情况下，给出的数据绝大多数都是相对量值，测定数据是否准确及准确的程度（精度），仪器本身是无法提供的，也是无法证实的。必须依靠外围技术工作完成，这就是分析数据的验证工作。
（1）仪器线性关系的验证。首先，为确保仪器的正常运行，分析仪器作为计量仪器的一种，必须每年经过*按照国家制订的规程进行检测，方能许可使用。同时，每年还需要用系列标准气体检查仪器在整个线性范围内的线性关系是否保持正常的状态。否则盲目相信分析仪器（即使是进口仪器）的完好程度肯定会使错误的数据导致生产管理及质量管理上的失误。
（2）误差分析。在分析仪器的应用过程中，对于每一次测定结果的数据，必须作出误差分析，以确定数据分析的真实性、可靠性和可信程度。一个合格的分析工作者是不会也不应该随随便便地把每次分析测定的结果上报或公布的。一般是在测定结果得出后，经过误差分析，在确定分析数据的误差总和小于规定的允许误差时，才将这一个（或一组）数据视为正确测定结果上报或公布。否则，不准确的数据会给生产管理者带来严重的不良后果。
（3）定量分析常用的仪器校正。气体分析仪作为一种定量分析仪器，在做定量分析前必须使用标准气进行校正（或标定）。标准气一般是从国家*或合法工厂购买的，在特殊情况下，也可以自行配置（但要具有配置标准气的资格和能力以及相关的设备）。标准气保质期为一年，在使用标准气校正分析仪器时，还必须深入了解正常手续和使用规律。如果购买和使用不合乎要求的标准气，会导致分析数据的极大偏差。如果对标准气的使用要求不甚了解，也会因得不到准确数据结果，给空分生产带来麻烦。
2．5 分析工程师要不断改进和提高分析检测技术
一个合格的分析工程师需要不断学习和研究分析仪器的新技术及仪器分析新技术，并及时将其应用到本职工作中，以达到不断改进和提高分析检测技术的目的。一个分析工程师不但要能够尽可能搞好现有设备的应用，而且还应当在对现今使用的仪器原理、结构及性能深入了解的基础上，随时吸收国外及*分析技术，不断技术创新，进一步完善并提高现有仪器的检测水平，而不只是满足于简单操作
gas analyzer
generally speaking, the gas analysis instrument itself is a unique technology application, and it is one kind has the nature of the job. but, this is not for people who have cognitive and understand it. so far, the technology level of domestic gas analysis instrument application of air separation industry are compared with the petrochemical industry and chemical fertilizer industry, still stays in the primary stage, it is difficult to quickly improve and development, the main reason.
gas analyzer (this article specifically for trace gases analysis instrument) is a kind of used for gas composition analysis inspection tools, using it to get some component types and content of data. gas analysis instruments, however, is not a simple tool, it is neither simple structure as flowmeter, pressure gauge, also don't like all kinds of thermal instrument is easy to operate. it is a kind of complex structure, using the technology difficult tool, using the gas analysis instrument is a complex and not easy to master the specialized technology.
two gas analysis instrument application difficulty
difficulties with applications of gas analysis instrument, can be roughly know a thing or two from the following several aspects.
2.1 gas analysis is to implement a series of chemical process
a gas analyzer, or a gas analysis system is equivalent to a complete set of chemical process equipment, as a result, the working process of the gas analysis instrument system is in the implementation of a series of chemical process. if you want to get the accurate data through the analysis of the gas, you have to understand this situation in each stage of a series of chemical process and change, serious study and master the law of only in this way can achieve the purpose of accurate determination. it should be pointed out that not only within a gas analysis instrument has a set of chemical processes in the same situation and conditions, and sometimes in the sample gas pretreatment section of the level before the instrument (including sampling system) is a chemical process as well. if more complex, the special technology condition, so gas pretreatment system embodies the chemical process is very complex, the equivalent of a small chemical purification treatment process. gas analysis, therefore, is in the understanding and grasp the process of the whole system in chemical process conditions under the premise of strict control of all kinds of factors that influence the determination conditions to get the accurate data of technology and management are required.
2.2 application process control influence factors and is difficult to eliminate interference factors
in the process of instrument application, factors affecting species changes more and more complex, and to effectively control these factors and difficult to rule out the factors of interference measurement is relatively large. the determination of trace oxygen, for example, not only should strictly control system and sealing material, and the system is clean, and many other factors must also be addressing is good, otherwise, the oxygen composition analysis will not be accurate determination results. as for the determination of trace amounts of water content in the gas, in addition to consider the various factors affecting the above mentioned, the water in the sample gas must also be taken into account in the pipe of adsorption equilibrium problems, and properly handle the problem must rely on trial and error, to understand the changes and regularity, grasp the operation technology, in order to obtain accurate results. , of course, using gas chromatography determination of ppm - ppb level of impurities in high purity gas component content to consider and control factors are more sophisticated.
2.3 trace gas composition analysis of influence factors is more complex
gas composition in the microscopic changes of flow in pipeline and equipment is complicated and changeful. can ignore when constant gas composition analysis of many influence factors, not only can't be ignored when trace gas composition analysis, it must be taken seriously, at this point, these factors has become the influence of trace gas composition analysis results of the principal contradiction correctly, must resolve to make one by one, exclusion and trace gases analysis instrument work finished smoothly. these factors mainly include the following aspects: (1) the sample gas in the pipeline for many times repeatedly mixed; (2) the wall with the physical chemistry of gas composition; (3) the pipe material; (4) connection way; (5) line clean degree.
2.4 instrument and method validation is one of the keys to obtain accurate data
as a kind of measuring instruments detection tools, under normal operating conditions, the data given the vast majority are relative values, the extent of the measurement data are accurate and precise (precision), and is unable to provide the instrument itself, is also unable to confirm. must rely on the peripheral technology work, this is the analysis of the data validation work.
(1) instrument validation of linear relationship. first of all, in order to ensure the normal operation of the instrument, analytical instruments as a kind of measuring instrument, must through measuring authorities every year according to the country to develop procedures for testing, to licensing. every year at the same time, also need to use series of standard gas inspection equipment within the scope of the whole linear whether to keep the linear relationship between the normal state. otherwise blindly believe analysis instrument (even imported instrument) in good level will surely make the wrong data lead to the errors in the production management and quality management.
(2) the error analysis. in the process of analysis of the application of the instrument, data for each determination results, error analysis, must be made to determine the authenticity of the data analysis, reliability and trust. the analysis of a qualified workers is not and should not be casually to each analysis report or released the results of determination. is generally after the determination results obtained through the error analysis, in determining the analysis data of the total error is less than the specified margin of error, to this one or a set of data as a correct determination results submitted to or published. otherwise, the inaccurate data will have serious adverse consequences for production manager.
(3) the quantitative analysis of commonly used equipment calibration. gas analyzer as a kind of quantitative analysis instrument, before taking a quantitative analysis of calibration must be conducted using a standard gas (or calibration). standard gas purchased from national metrology department or legal factory, under special circumstances, can configure itself (but with standard gas of qualification and ability as well as relevant equipment). gas standard warranty is one year, when using standard calibration gas analysis instruments, also must deeply understand the normal procedure and use regularly. if the purchase and use unsuited to the requirements of the standard gas, can cause great deviation analysis data. if the use of standard gas requirements don't know much, will be not accurate data as a result, bring trouble to the production of air separation.
2.5 engineers to continuously improve and improve analysis testing technology
a qualified engineers need to keep on learning and research analysis instrument of new technology and new technology of instrument analysis, and apply it to the job in time, in order to achieve the purpose of continuous improvement and improve the analysis detection technology. an analysis engineers as much as possible not only to be able to do well the application of the existing equipment, but also should be in on today's use of the instrument principle, structure and performance, on the basis of deep understanding, ready to absorb the foreign and domestic advanced analysis techniques, technical innovation constantly, further perfect and improve the level of detection of existing instruments, not just satisfied with simple operation
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